Phenomenology: Understanding Human Experience
Definition and Historical Origins
Phenomenology is the study of how humans give shape and meaning to their experiences, and is one of the key theoretical underpinnings of Gestalt Therapy. In the early 20thcentury, Phenomenology was the domain of scientists such as Edmund Husserl who developed a phenomenological method to arrive at an objective view of “phenomena” in the physical world.
Husserl introduced the concept of ‘bracketing’, which involves putting aside conventional biases and assumptions to explore phenomena directly, as they appear in consciousness. As the fields of psychology and psychotherapy emerged, human experiences came to be seen as “phenomena” which could be observed and described in the same way.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty expanded on Husserl’s ideas by emphasizing the role of the body and perception in shaping human experience. For Merleau-Ponty, our embodied existence is fundamental to how we engage with the world and others.
Heidegger, another influential phenomenologist, explored the concept of “being-in-the-world” and the way our existence is intertwined with our surroundings. He emphasized the importance of human existence in shaping our understanding of reality.
Everyday Experience of Phenomenology
In everyday life, phenomenology encourages a heightened awareness of our immediate experiences and how they shape our perceptions and actions. For example, consider two friends viewing the same painting. One might focus on the paint strokes and the effect of light, experiencing feelings of awe and beauty, while the other might be reminded of past experiences in the bush, feeling discomfort. Their different life experiences shape their present experience as they view the painting, highlighting the individuality of experience.
This approach emphasises the subjective and lived experience of engaging with a situation, revealing the intricate ways in which consciousness interacts with and constructs meaning from the world around us. It also emphasizes the individuality of experience, reminding us that each person’s encounter with a situation, such as a work of art, can be unique, shaped by their own personal history, perceptions, emotions, and reflections.
Phenomenology in Therapy
In the therapy room, phenomenology manifests as a quiet, reflective process where the therapist and client co-create a space for exploration. The therapist waits, allowing time for the client’s experiences to emerge and be expressed. Together they agree on which aspect of the client’s experience to explore further.
The therapist practices ‘bracketing’ to set aside their own intrinsic beliefs about life, employing an open, naïve curiosity towards the client’s experience, as they describe it. The therapist might make an enquiry like, “And what was that like for you?”, and then be genuinely engaged by the response. “Ah…. That’s interesting. Could you tell me more about that?”, with the full expectation that what emerges might be quite surprising. By meeting the client with openness and respect, the therapist facilitates a process where the client can investigate their difficulties and discover their needs.
Phenomenology emphasizes the importance of embodied existence and the interconnectedness of individuals and their environments. The therapist pays attention to bodily sensations and experiences, which can be a source of empathy and understanding. By exploring the client’s experiences, such as painful memories of the past and anxiety about the future, the therapist helps the client gain new insights and meaning.
Phenomenology in Relationships and Groups
Phenomenology offers valuable insights into relationships and groups by focusing on how individuals experience and perceive their interactions. By exploring the lived experiences of individuals, phenomenology helps us understand the underlying factors that contribute to misunderstandings, tensions, and disagreements in relationships. It highlights the importance of each individual’s subjective experience in shaping our social world.
In relationships, authenticity involves expressing one’s true feelings, thoughts, and desires without conforming to external expectations. This fosters deeper connections and mutual understanding. For example, in a romantic relationship, phenomenological analysis can reveal how authenticity and shared experiences impact the lived experiences and quality of the connection between partners. It helps in bringing about mutual understanding and respect for each other’s perspectives.
In parent-child relationships, phenomenology can help bridge the gap in perceptions and foster better communication. For instance, a parent’s concern for their child’s well-being might be perceived as overprotectiveness by the child. Understanding these differing perspectives can foster empathy and respect.
In group settings, phenomenology highlights the importance of understanding how individuals’ aspirations converge to create collective experiences and actions. It emphasizes the need for shared goals and the acknowledgment of the impact of social norms and pressures to conform. Phenomenology highlights the need for authenticity and shared experiences of individuals within groups.
Conclusion
Phenomenology offers a unique perspective on human experience, emphasizing the subjective nature of reality and the ways in which we actively engage with the world. By delving into the essence of phenomena, we can gain deeper insights into the complexities of consciousness and the richness of lived experience. This approach not only enhances our understanding of individual experiences but also provides valuable insights into relationships, groups, and therapeutic practices. Through phenomenology, we are reminded of the importance of being present, open, and reflective in our interactions with ourselves and others.
References
Clarkson, P. & Mackewn, J. (1993). Fritz Perls. Sage, London: Sage Press.
Joyce, P. & Sills, C. (2010). Skills in Gestalt Counselling & Psychotherapy. London: Sage Press.
Mackewn, J. (2012). Developing Gestalt Counselling. Los Angeles: Sage Press.
Skottun, G. Kruger, A (). Gestalt Therapy Practice therapy and Experiential Learning. London: Routledge.
